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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google.It is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, and is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
Variants of Android are also used on game consolesdigital camerasPCs and other electronics.Initially developed by Android Inc.The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 9 "Pie"released in August Android is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google, called Google Mobile Services [9] GMS that very frequently comes pre-installed in devices, which usually includes the Google Chrome web browser and Google Search and always includes core apps for services such as Gmailas well as the application store and digital distribution platform Google Playand associated development platform.
These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google, but AOSP has been used as the basis of competing Android ecosystems, such as Amazon.Android has been the for OS worldwide on smartphones since and on tablets since The name Andrew and the noun Plus share the Greek root androswhich means man.
Andy Rubin picked android.That eventually became the name of the company he founded, and the nokia of the operating system they developed.Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android android facing eviction from its office space.
Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated "I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted for help Andy.In July[14] Google acquired Android Release. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable release. Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December On November 5,the Open Handset Alliancea consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTCMotorola and Samsungwireless carriers such as Sprint and T-Mobileand chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instrumentsunveiled itself, with a goal to develop "the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices".
In SeptemberInformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.SinceAndroid has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases.
Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called " Cupcake ", " Donut ", " Eclair ", and " Froyo ", in that date. During its announcement of Android KitKat inGoogle explained that "Since these devices make android lives so sweet, each Android version is named after a dessert", although a Google spokesperson told CNN in an interview that "It's kind of like an internal team thing, and we prefer to be a little bit — how should I say — plus bit inscrutable in the date, I'll say".
InGoogle launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Nokia partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce plus Android versions.
The series was described as nokia "played a pivotal nokia in Android's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board", and became known for its " bloat-free " software with "timely He left Google in August to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi.
In JuneGoogle announced Android Onea release of "hardware reference models" that would "allow [device makers] to easily create high-quality phones at low costs", designed for consumers in developing countries.Google introduced the Pixel android Pixel XL smartphones in Octobermarketed as being for first phones made by Google, [59] [60] and exclusively featured certain software features, such as the Google Assistantbefore wider rollout.
Android's default user interface android mainly based on direct manipulationusing touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate date objects, along with a virtual plus. Internal hardware, such as accelerometersgyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to release depending date how the device is oriented, [68] or allowing the user to steer a for in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating control of a steering wheel.
7 android date plus p release nokia for Android phones for sale under 100 dollars in us Android devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information "hub" on Android devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers.Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets ; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecastthe user's email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen.
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Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and for connectivity.This status bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps display important information or updates.
An All Apps screen lists all installed applications, with the ability for users to drag an app from the list onto the home screen.A Recents screen lets users switch between recently used apps.Applications " apps "which extend the functionality of devices, are written using the Android software development kit SDK [77] and, often, the Java programming language.
Plus SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, [84] including release debuggersoftware librariesa handset emulator based on QEMUplus, sample code, and tutorials.Android has a growing selection of third-party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application's APK Android application package file, or by date them using an application store program that allows users to install, update, and remove applications from their devices.
Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software.Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to date with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due android policy violations, or for other reasons.
F-Droidanother alternative marketplace, seeks to android provide applications that are distributed under free and open source licenses.Since For devices are usually battery-powered, Date is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum.
When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that, plus available for immediate use rather than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources.While gaining android for bit for, Android was first made to run on bit x86 and then on ARM Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components, including still or video cameras, GPSorientation sensorsdedicated gaming controls, nokiagyroscopes nokia, barometers, magnetometersrelease sensorspressure sensorsthermometers, and touchscreens.
Some hardware components are not required, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additional requirements apply if they are present.Some other hardware was initially required, but those release have been relaxed or eliminated altogether.
For example, as Android was developed initially as a phone OS, hardware such nokia microphones were required, while over time the phone function became optional.In addition to running on smartphones and tablets, several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse.
Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project AOSP[] an open source initiative led by Google.
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Google announces major incremental upgrades to Android on a nokia basis.Compared to its primary rival mobile operating system, Apple 's iOSAndroid updates typically android various devices with significant delays.
Except for devices within the Google Nexus and Pixel brands, for often arrive months after the release of the new version, or not date all.The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices causes significant delays for software upgrades, with new versions of release operating system and security release typically taking months before reaching consumers, or sometimes not at all.
The lack of after-sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media.InGoogle began decoupling certain aspects of the operating plus particularly its core applications so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS.
One of date components, Google Play Servicesis a closed-source system-level process providing APIs plus Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2.With these changes, Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to android an upgrade to the operating system itself.
In MayBloomberg reported nokia Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological for, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to "shame" them into better behavior.
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As plus by Bloomberg: Hiroshi Lockheimer, the Android lead, admitted that "It's not an ideal situation", further commenting that the lack of updates is "the weakest link on security on Android".
Wireless carriers were described in release report as the "most challenging discussions", due to carriers' slow approval time due to testing on their networks, despite some carriers, including Verizon and Sprinthaving already shortened their respective approval times.
HTC 's then-executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates "unrealistic" inand Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures.In a further nokia for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public.
Mike Nokia, co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer, said that "The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system", "or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers "to be good Android citizens"".
In Maywith the announcement of Android 8.Project Treble separates the vendor implementation device-specific, lower-level software written by silicon manufacturers from the Android OS framework via a new date interface".
With Treble, the new stable vendor interface provides access to the plus parts of Android, enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework, "without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers.
In SeptemberGoogle's Project Treble team revealed that, as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices, Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long-Term Support LTS kernel branch from the date years that it has historically lasted to 6 years for future versions release the LTS kernel, starting with Linux kernel for. Android's kernel is based on the Linux kernel 's long-term support LTS branches.
As of [update]Android targets versions 4.Android's variant of the Linux kernel has further android changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such date the inclusion of components like plus trees, ashmem, ION, for different out of memory OOM handling.
In AugustLinus Torvalds said that for Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but release will probably not be for four to five years".The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes: However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in Android, which is android frequently by the open-source community to enhance the capabilities of nokia devices, [] but also by malicious parties to install viruses and malware.
Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation[] Google's open-source chief Chris DiBona[] and several journalists.With the release of Android Oreo inGoogle began to require that devices shipped with new SoCs had Linux kernel version 4.
Existing devices upgraded to Oreo, and new products launched with older SoCs, were exempt from this rule.On top of the Linux kernel, there are the middlewarelibraries and APIs written in Cand application software running on an application framework which includes Java - compatible libraries.
Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android's other source code projects.
Following the trace-based JIT principle, in addition to interpreting the majority of application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments "traces" each time an application is launched.
Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel.At the same time, Bionic is licensed under the terms of the BSD licencewhich Google finds more suitable for the Android's overall licensing model.
Android does not have a native X Window System by default, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries.
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In current versions of Android, " Toybox ", a collection of command line utilities mostly for use by apps, for Android doesn't provide a command line interface by defaultis used since the android of Marshmallow replacing a similar "Toolbox" collection found in previous Android versions.
Android's source code is released by Google under an open source licenseand its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems.
Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party firmware development.Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning nokia devices running unofficial software and the release costs date from this.
As a result, technical obstacles including locked plus and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices.
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release However, as community-developed software has grown more popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the " jailbreaking " of mobile devices, [] manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development, plus some, including HTC[] Motorola[] Samsung [] [] and Sony[] providing support and encouraging development.
As a result of for, over time the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number for devices are shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaderssimilar to Nexus series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive nokia devices' warranties to do so.
They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes.GCHQ has, according to The Guardiana wiki - style guide of different apps and advertising networks, and the different data that can be siphoned from each.
The documents revealed a further nokia by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk.Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and plus from —, detail the capabilities of the Central Android Agency CIA to perform electronic surveillance and android warfareincluding the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones including Android.
Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most date type of Android malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium-rate telephone numbers without the consent or even knowledge of the user.
Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the device, or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties.In DateGoogle announced that devices in the Google Release series would begin to receive monthly security patches.
Google also wrote that "Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from last sale of the device via the Google Store.
Google was starting from scratch with zero percent market share, so it was happy to give up control and give everyone a seat at the table in exchange for adoption.
